Literature Review on Contractual Issues Arising Claims

Writing Review on Contractual Issues Arising Claims Keeping away from development claims and debates requires comprehension of the authoritative terms, early no ill-disposed correspondence, and comprehension of reasons for claims.(Cheryl Semple, Francis T. Hartman, and George Jergeas) recognize a portion of the basic component in development contract, and explores the reasons for claims, classifications of pay of cases and agreement provisions cited in claims by concentrating skyscraper high rise and institutional structures. Development contract decides the reason for the connection between the gatherings engaged with it. An agreement is a guarantee or understanding that the law will uphold. Development contract are frequently long, complex archive, thus, contradiction or debates can emerge with respect to authoritative commitments or desires, when one gathering feels that the legally binding commitments or desires have not been meet and they fell that they merit money related as well as time pay they may present a case. A case is ch aracterized as an assertation to one side to cure, help or property (Canadian Law Directory) Right now development industry in UAE has number of questions shows up as a result of contested in authoritative archive and poor coordination when all is said in done and specific state of agreement. UAE is quickly developing nation as far as development and heaps of rivalry for getting the undertaking due to that contractual workers are offering less and guaranteeing more sums. A customer attempts to diminish the over totally cost of venture and temporary workers attempts to get more benefit and result is questions emerge. Each guarantee put together by the contractual worker puts presser on customer and subsequently it influence expanding property cost. That is the reason development guarantee are considered as the most terrible occasion in development industry. Cases can be diminished by legitimate course of action of extent of work in contract archive. Agreement is the report which clarifies all rolls and liabilities of the gatherings engaged with it. With the end goal of study for dissecting legally binding issues writing survey is isolated in two sections. Initial segment will talk about on Contract law as a rule and specific terms utilized in arrangement of development contract. Second section will talk about on Claims under FIDIC contract and past examination in claims. 1 Introduction to contract law 1.1 Legal frameworks A legitimate framework, is a framework for recognizing genuine circumstances where the state will force endorses on an individual (criminal law), where one individual can look for review from someone else (common law), and where an individual can challenge choices of the state and open bodies, for example, neighborhood specialists (authoritative law)1. For instance: If somebody takes property having a place with another with the expectation of for all time denying them of that property, this is classified by the criminal law as a wrongdoing (robbery) for which the state can look for a request for detainment, a fine or both. A similar direct is arranged by the common law as a tort (known as transformation) for which the individual whose property is taken can look for a request requiring the individual taking the property to return it, to pay (harms), or both. In the event that the property is taken by the state or an open body in illegitimate exercise of a legal or other force, the ch oice to do so can be tested in authoritative law by looking for an assertion that it is invalid and ought to be rethought. 1.2 Criminal, common and regulatory law The criminal law is essentially worried about the burden of fines and detainment looked for by the state against people. The common law is worried about granting remuneration and making orders for one individual against another. Managerial law is basically worried about making orders concerning the regulatory activities of the state and open bodies. 1.3 Obtaining change The typical methods for acquiring change is in a courtroom. The criminal courts, principally the Magistrates Courts and the Crown Court, are worried about review in regard of criminal issues .The common courts, fundamentally the County Courts and the High Court, are worried about change in regards to common cases. In numerous nations, a different court is set up to manage claims concerning the managerial activities of the state and open bodies, however this isn't the situation in all over the place, where regulatory law matters are managed by the High Court. The courts are not by any means the only methods for getting review in numerous common issues. 1.4 The common law of commitments Every one of the chief divisions of law criminal law, common law and managerial law contains various regions. The development that is applicable to this distribution, and to the arrangement of which it frames part, is that piece of the common law worried about the law of commitments. 1.5 Obligations in agreement and tort The law of commitments has, thus, two sections: the law of agreement and the law of torts. In the law of agreement, a people commitments are principally established on understanding and are, all in all, owed distinctly to the next gathering to the understanding, not to people by and large. Since commitments owed in contract are established on understanding, they can be as prescriptive and point by point as the gatherings wish and their understanding requires. For instance, concurred commitments can concern the advancement of an office hinder as per itemized prerequisites, or the organizing of a drawn out business relationship, for example, an organization. It is difficult to direct such connections utilizing just the law of torts, since commitments in tort are excessively summed up. In the law of torts, a people commitments are principally dictated by general standards of law and are, conventionally, owed to people for the most part. Since commitments owed in tort are forced as a fea ture of the general law, they are communicated as general gauges of lead. For instance: the commitment to practice sensible expertise and care so as not to make injury or harm others shapes the premise of the tort of carelessness; the commitment not to irrationally meddle with a people use or delight in their territory frames the premise of the tort of disturbance. The two pieces of the law of commitments are critical for the development business. Work on a structure venture, for example, the arrangement of advisor administrations, development or materials, will normally be done under an agreement since this is the main way that commitments having the necessary definition and exactness can be given lawful power. Be that as it may, the work gave may, if inadequate, cause harm not exclusively to the individual with whom those commitments are concurred yet to other people, for example, nearby landowners, clients and resulting proprietors of the venture. While the individual or people w ith whom the agreement is made will, normally, have the option to look for review in the law of agreement, the individuals who are not gatherings to that agreement should look for change in the law of torts. The law of agreement is of basic significance for the development business in light of the fact that the agreement is the primary vehicle for those taking a shot at a venture to be locked in, their commitments are controlled and review evaluated if things turn out badly. The law of torts has an auxiliary significance if things do turn out badly. 1.6 Rights and commitments The law is frequently examined as far as commitments, there is, when all is said in done, for every commitment a relating right .Thus, a commitment not to preposterously meddle with a people use or pleasure in land can be seen, from the point of view of a landowner, as an option to appreciate and utilize their property liberated from such outlandish impedance. A commitment to play out the conditions of an understanding can be seen from the different partys point of view as an option to have those commitments performed. In contract law, these rights and commitments are frequently alluded to as the advantages and weights of the agreement. 1.7 Defining an agreement There are different definitions that endeavor to epitomize the basic idea of an agreement. The definition that is most promptly reasonable in a business setting is that an agreement is an understanding that offers ascend to commitments, and relating rights, that the law will perceive and authorize. Since an agreement is established on understanding, the gatherings are free, inside wide cutoff points, to concur the commitments to which they wish to be bound. This is known as the convention of opportunity of agreement. That is to say, at any rate in a business setting, that the gatherings to an agreement will customarily be limited by the understanding they make, anyway wrong, uneven or even ruinous that understanding may end up being for one of them. The result of the convention of opportunity of agreement is that an individual can't be compelled to contract. In a business setting this implies, if terms can't be concurred, either gathering to the dealings can leave, anyway awkward or exorbitant, as far as sat around and cash, this is for the other party. It might be conceivable to split off arrangements and leave regardless of whether work has initiated fully expecting a proposed agreement. When an agreement is finished up, it ties the gatherings in law. On the off chance that involved with an agreement neglects to consent to its commitments under the agreement, the other can look for review for that disappointment. This should be possible, as proper, by authorizing a privilege to installment (a case in the red), by looking for budgetary remuneration for misfortunes endured because of the disappointment (a case in harms for penetrate of agreement) or, in specific conditions where monetary pay doesn't give satisfactory change, by a request that the defaulting party play out its commitments (a case for explicit execution) or quit acting in break of its commitments (a directive). For instance, if a specialist neglects to perform administrations the individual in question has contracted to give, the customer can look for harms dependent on the extra expense of getting substitute execution from another advisor. On the off chance that a business neglects to pay for work gave by an agreement

Organisations for information technology professionals

Official Summary:Whether we like it or non we are totally affected by marking, from the clothes we wear to what we eat, push and expend. Despite the fact that we know about corporate derision and selling, individual trashing is where you focus on the achievements and properties that make you stand apart from the rest of your equivalents. In his book â€Å" 7 Habits of very strong individuals † , Stephen R Covey utilizes an incredible visual picture working out, where perusers are approached to imagine themselves at the memorial service of a companion simply to identify that it is their ain burial service. He gets some information about what they would want their family unit, companions, associates and network to state about them at their burial service ( Covey, 1999 ) . I accept that by focusing on the properties found through this practicing I will hold a more noteworthy misgiving of my ain individual exchange name furthermore recognize the qualities at the core of my ain self image. In my task I have audited writing and articles to put the stairss which could be followed to better close to home disparagement and have so applied these to my ain individual spot. I other than coursed a survey to gauge awareness of exchange names and to quantify my equivalent ‘s perceptual experience of the exchange name â€Å" Paul Delaney † . By focusing on the perceptual encounters of others, I will put any premises I have about my ain individual exchange name and help happen nations requiring advancement. As an executive taking a crew of nine workers, I should build up an alternate achievement set to achieve achievement. This task will help to put achievements, individual properties and highlights that can be created to elevate my notoriety and remaining among my equals.Table of ContentssIntroduction 1 What is close to home criticism? 1 What is Brand Equity? 2 What are the 4 kinds of capital and how would they partner to me? 3 How might I better my ain individual exchange name? 5 Make a Personal Brand Statement 5 Make a Personal Mission Statement 5 Update my sketch 6 Utilize the â€Å" 5 twelvemonth sketch † strategy 6 Join organizations for Information Technology experts 10 Build up my trap of contacts 10 Proceed with Charity Work 11 Pick a proper Leadership Style 12 Build up the 7 wonts of amazingly strong individuals 14 Individual Branding Survey 17 Presentation 17 Section 1 †Brand Recognition 18 Section 2 †Brand Reputation 19 Section 3 †Appraisal of exchange name â€Å" Paul Delaney † 20 Choice 26 List of sources 31 Index 1: Survey on Personal Branding and perceptual encounters of the author 32 Index 2: My Current Resume 43 Index 3: My 5 Year Resume 45 Index 4: Agenda for the coming hebdomad 47IntroductionWhat is close to home stigmatization?Ad and selling importantly affects our own picks from the attire we wear to the supplement that we devour. We are constantly having messages from advertizements to convey us to buy their product over that of an opponent. To make this, selling organizations endeavor to tie in their exchange name with the qualities which they accept their customer base is keen on ( for example doing a product all the more earth cordial and so forth ) . Individual trashing is a little unique in that you are the product being promoted. In any case, it has numerous similitudes to corporate derision †you need to be related with the qualities that you accept do your exchange name particular ( for example solid diagnostic achievements and so forth ) . Orchestrating to William Arruda, individual slander is â€Å" cognizing what ‘s solid to you, recognizing from your equivalents and significant and obliging to your imprint crowd, and using that to make your closures † ( Martin, 2009 ) . By focusing on what separates you from your equivalents, you can better your exchange name equity.What is Brand Equity?In his article â€Å" Developing your Personal Brand Equity † , Alan Vitberg ( Vitberg, 2010 ) said that individual exchange name value comprises of ; The impalpable worth people have in footings of capacity to follow up on others by utilizing their experience, expertness and notoriety. The connections they have assembled and kept up. The touchable worth they get footings of part to their boss. To better your own exchange name, Vitberg suggests that every individual ought to get somewhere near answering one request â€Å" What makes you unique and for what reason should individuals care? † and use this to develop an individual exchange name statement.What are the 4 kinds of capital and how would they partner to me?In her book â€Å" Pierre Bordieu and Cultural Theory † , Bridget Fowler alludes to 4 sorts of capital ( Fowler, 1997 ) ;Social CapitalSocial capital identifies with the total of impact and the figure of connections I have inside the snare of individuals I know either socially or expertly. The recommendation is that by expanding the figure of individuals in my web that I can trust on them to back up me in the midst of issue ( for example for example, helping to happen me an occupation on the off chance that I am made excess ) . In twist, I can use my web to back up others from my web ( for example I discovered occupation chances for my sibling when h e was made excess ) . To build my web, I have joined the online expert web â€Å" LinkedIn † . I presently have more than 50 associations with different experts with whom I have come into contact. I have other than joined the well known cultural systems administration â€Å" Facebook † to build my cultural web.Symbolic CapitalSymbolic capital identifies with the evaluation of notoriety and respect that I have inside my expert and individual life. Respondents in the examination finished as part of this task evaluated me incredibly in footings of honestness and trustiness. This is extremely positive affirmation from my equivalents and one that I am extremely glad to distinguish. The second regularly recognized property that respondents gave in the investigation was that I was solid and reliable. Once more, this is sure in that it tends to be contended that holding a notoriety for being solid and reliable outcomes in higher emblematic capital.Cultural CapitalCultural capital is difficult to mensurate, in spite of the fact that I have made progress in the nation of instructive makings. I was granted a first class respect in my undergrad grade which recognizes me from the others in my twelvemonth as only a sprinkling of alumnuss accomplished this level of making. Moreover, in take separating in the MSc in Business Management in NUI Maynooth I am separating myself from my equivalents in that solitary 3 of different chiefs in EBS IT have accomplished/are trying to achieve a Masters certificate making.Economic CapitalThis feature of Bourdieu ‘s hypothesis identifies with responsibility for, divides and all around any financial wagess. I do non have any stock s or bits, yet late purchased my ain spot. I other than have a figure of humble investings.How would i be able to better my ain individual exchange name?Make a Personal Brand StatementBased on an article by Alan Vitberg ( Vitberg, 2010 ) , I have made an individual exchange name articulation. Having an individual exchange name articulation will help me to focus on the properties and highlights that characterize how I need to be seen. â€Å" I am a steady and trusty endeavor chief with a notoriety for going to thing and holding solid occupation work trip achievements. I have in excess of 5 mature ages involvement with taking a crew of IT experts from different subjects, in introducing fruitful endeavors for a monetary administrations organization on cut and inside financial plan † .Make a Personal Mission StatementIn his book â€Å" 7 Habits of Highly Effective Peoples † ( Covey, 1999 ) , Covey proposes that should focus on what you need to be ( character ) and to make ( parts and achievements ) and on the qualities or rule whereupon being and making are based. I have other than drawn from the examination in Appendix 1, to identify the properties and achievements which I connected with to help build this statement of purpose. By all the time reconsidering this statement of purpose, I trust that it will help me to keep up concentrated on the character and qualities that I regard to be of import. I need to be effective at place chief, so in my calling, I need to be known for being straightforward and reliable, I need to be known as a fair and understanding foreman who can activate workers, I need to be known for introducing great endeavors †on cut and inside financial plan, I need to be viewed as to a greater degree a daring person, I need to be all the more friendly and run into more people.Update my sketchLike numerous individuals, it has been some clasp since I have refreshed my sketch. Frankly, the last clasp I refreshed my sketch was in 1998 when searching for my flow occupation. I will make my ain sketch ( allude to Appendix 2 ) with a point of convergence on what I have accomplished in my calling.Use the â€Å" 5 twelvemonth sketch † techniqueI have followed the â€Å" 5 twelvemonth sketch † stairss as laid out in an article by Dennis and Ruth Laker in the Journal of Management Education ( Laker and Laker, 2007 ) . In this article they propose that mapping out where you are currently against where you need to be in 5 mature ages will hinder calling driving force. As cited in Laker and A ; Laker, Jack Welsh, CEO of General Electric said â€Å" Manage your destiny, or individual else will † . I accept this quote implies that every one of us ought to be proactive and pull off our ain calling to ensure we accomplish what we need to achieve, be this exposure, work life parity or self betterment.Measure 1 †Make a Current SketchThis measure is finished ; amuse notice to Appendix 2 †My Current Resume.Measure 2 †Make a Resume for 5 mature ages in the hereafterIn this measure I concentrated on what I would wish my sketch to look like in 5 mature ages cut

Pommes et manus

Pommes et manus The Annual Burton-Conner Apple Bake: Sunday, October 23 in the Porter Room Win as much as $500 for your floor, the most prize money ever! Apples will be provided by your GRT on Friday, October 21. Entries are due Sunday the 23rd at 3:00pm in the Porter Room. Winners will be announced around 4:00pm and eating will commence. $500 in prize money will be awarded in the following categories: -Apple Pie -Apple Cobbler, Crisp, or Cake -Apple Sculpture -Appetizer -Entree -Most Creative -Best Overall Entries are judged by the Floor Faculty Fellows, MIT Staff, MIT Housemasters, and their families. Plan your strategy and test your recipes while you have the time. Remember, there are five unique categories, so improve your floors chances of winning by entering in all five! Happy Cooking! Apple Bake has been a fall culinary tradition in Burton-Conner for the past N years. About 5 years ago, some sophomores from Conner 2 decided that theyd had enough of seeing so many other floors entries in the competition, so they went all-out, white-knuckle, Tom-Cruise insane with baking for an entire weekend, flooded the field, and won most of the prize money. Well, these folks graduated two years ago, so last year I decided to step up and become the floors new Apple Bake Chair (TM). No other floor actually has an Apple Bake Chair. While a lot of people on the other floors go out, buy some ingredients, and make a few dishes, Conner 2 organizes a mass shopping trip for over $100 of food the Friday before the competition, assuming that well end up winning at least as much as our initial investment anyway Its truly glorious to see the floor in the hours immediately preceding apple bakeperhaps my finest moment as a human being was last fall when, as a result of the competition being on Saturday instead of Sunday, I baked for 16 straight hours and, finding myself completely out of counter space, threw myself onto the kitchen floor to begin rolling out pizza dough on a cutting board. This year, I was a bit more organized and had an extra day to bake, so although I became a little stressed out, I was still able to crank out a few dishes: -homemade apple butter -apple chicken salad -apple pecan cheesecake -Jewish apple cake with apples Foster topping -apple chicken soup for the soul -apple-filled baked acorn squash -brown rice apple cobbler -apples creme brulee -sweet potato apple pie Ultimately, none of these ended up winning anythingthey awarded only one prize in each category instead of two, and my work wasnt so fantastic as to win an entire category. Still, its gratifying to know that my own work made up 5-10% of the total entries into the competition. Conner 2 did end up cooking just under half of the total entries, winning three of the seven categories (including Best Overall for an apple butternut squash soup) and taking home about half of the prize money once again. Pictures! Richard 09 demonstrates our floors communal apple implement of doom, which cores, peels, and spiral-cuts an apple for you. One of the awesome things about this implement is that it gives you one continuous, thin peeland theres an apple sculpture category. Hmm Freshman year, somebody braided 3^3 apples into a lovely, violet-accented wreath. This year, we came up with this: Not to be confused. This actually did not win apple sculpture, hard as it is to believe, because it was up against this: Also, check out the apple pi in the background. Big Ben is nice, but I guess you cant really compete against school pride. Well, maybe you can. Ruth 07 and Richard 09 also spent a few hours or so assembling this: But, still, Tim emerged victorious in the sculpture category. Next year, watch out for my apple Susan Hockfield. Diana 08 went to the trouble of bringing out a pasta maker and making her own ravioli dough, a process which took about three consecutive nights of work even longer than the 24 hours it took to cook my apple butter. It goes without saying that they were amazing. I actually invented the idea of using lab goggles to chop onions (wheres my Nobel prize? or at least Ig Nobel prize?), but Ruth 07 models it so much better than I. We bought enough groceries to reach Adelaide 09s waist!. Actually, to be fair, these were also for Freshman Dinner (alluded to by Laura) and a camping trip sponsored by MITOC, but still, the fact that we spent $300 groceries in Inman Square is still quite an accomplishment. Our floor t-shirts. If youd like one, just send me an e-mailweve got a ton left over and theyre only 9 dollars plus shipping! Just think, a t-shirt designed, purchased, and lovingly packed by real MIT students. Youll be the coolest kid around. And my all-time favorite apple bake entry? Mitras Pomme-Pom salad. Apples and pomegranates, served in a hollowed-out pomegranate. Anytime you serve in a hollowed-out anything, you get a million extra points. EDIT: Turns out they did hand out second place prizes. Notice that 90% of the awards went to Conner side, which contains but 40% of the dorms residents. Conner 2, which contains about 10% of the dorms residents, won 40.5% of the prize money after cooking 46% of all the dishes entered. Okay, so maybe we werent 100% efficient but remember, the entropy of the universe increases in all natural processes. Best Overall: Summer Austin, Apple butternut squash soup appetizer, C2 Most Creative: Apple sculpture cake, B2 Apple Pie Winner: Katrina Saufrieta, Apple pie turnover, C5 Second place: Sam Maurer, Apple suite potatoe pie, C2 Apple Cake, Cobbler, or Crisp Winner: Amy Daitch, Apple Almond Tart, C3 Second place: Sam Maurer, Brown rice apple cobbler, C2 Entree Winner: Zach Bailey, Apple-walnut stuffed pork, C2 Second place: Amy Tang Gemma Mendel, Apple waldorf sandwiches, C3 Appetizer Winner: Summer Austin, Apple butternut squash soup, C2 Second place: Amy Daitch, Apple chicken with apple dipping sauce, C3 Apple Scupture Winner: Becky Kisko, Tim the Beaver, C4 Second place: Ariel Esposito, Killian Court, C5 Apple Other Winner: Samantha Burke, Plonge de pomme, C4 Second place: Sam Mauer [sic], Apple creme brulee, C2 Rock on. Post Tagged #Burton-Conner House

The Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allan Poe - 1182 Words

Syed Ali Ali 1 English 126 CD3 Professor Stapleton December 8th 2014 Revenge Revenge drives the action in â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado.† In Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"A Cask of Amontillado†, one character’s betrayal sets forth vengeful events, which occurs below ground in a catacomb. The narrator Montresor leads Fortunato, his â€Å"friend†, to his doom. Behind all this revenge and death, trust is a big theme of it. Without trust, there is no feeling of betrayal. This particular story has much to do with the lengths a human will go to achieve what they desire when they seek mortal revenge. In the following, I will examine the different aspects of what the purpose of revenge is in Poe’s tale. â€Å"The thousand injuries of Fortunato I had borne as I best could; but when he ventured upon insult, I vowed revenge† (14). These are the first words of Edgar Allan Poe’s tale. They are also the first words of the protagonist Montresor speaking about his â€Å"friend† Fortunato. â€Å"I must not only punish , but punish with impunity† (14). This tells us readers the motive and the intention of his plan towards Fortunato. By the way he opens the tale in the first sentence saying â€Å"he ventured upon insult†, it tells us that he did not physically get hurt but his honor has been damaged. Montresor also states the â€Å"thousand injuries he had borne†, meaning that he had endured many injuries in the past however, Fortunato ventured upon insult. This infliction that Fortunato has caused has to be punished toShow MoreRelatedThe Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allan Poe888 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allan Poe In ?The Cask of Amontillado?, Edgar Allan Poe takes us on a trip into the mind of a mad man. Poe uses certain elements to convey an emotional impact. He utilizes irony, descriptive detail of setting, and dark character traits to create the search of sinful deceit. Poe also uses first person, where the narrator is the protagonist who is deeply involved. The purpose is to get the reader to no longer be the observer. He wants them to see with MontressorRead MoreThe Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allan Poe836 Words   |  3 Pagesqualities in the story. In the story many things are used as symbols such as the actual cask of amontillado, the trowel, the jester costume and the setting in which there is two in the story. Another literary technique used significantly in the story is irony. Irony is the expression of ones meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite. In the short story â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado,† Montresor a very troubled man who plans to seek revenge on another man named FortunatoRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe And The Cask Of Amontillado1384 Words   |  6 PagesWhat makes Edgar Allan Poe work unique? Other than being a strange individual, Poe has become a remarkable literature writer. The Raven, Annabel Lee, and The Cask of Amontillado are just a few of Poe’s work that staples the theme of gothic literature. This essay will allow you to see the gothic elements Edgar Allan Poe uses through his most common poems. Gothic literature has many elements which play into its definition. The actual definition is a style of writing that is characterized by elementsRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allan Poe906 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† was written in 1846, by Edgar Allan Poe. Born in 1809, Poe never knew any of his parents. At the age of three, his mother died of tuberculosis, and his father deserted the family before he was born. Taking care of him was his foster parents in Richmond, Virginia. They loved Poe, but were not supportive of his decisions and kept Poe poor. Having debt and not being able to provide food and clothes for himself caused Poe to quit school. Later, heRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allan Poe920 Words   |  4 Pageswhen that trust no longer exists? In â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† written by Edgar Allan Poe, Fortunato is about to find the answer to this question. On the surface, Montresor seems friendly with Fortunato, but deep down he feels nothing but hate for him. Could this hatred have an irrationality that only Montresor understands? In different ways, both of these men are proud and affluent, yet both have downfalls that will l ead to a tragic ending. Edgar Allan Poe’s use of language contributes to the understandingRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allan Poe1555 Words   |  7 PagesIn his writing, Edgar Allan Poe has multiple uses of direct and indirect characterization. In The Cask of Amontillado, Montresor had rules such as â€Å"I must not only punish but punish with impunity. A wrong is unredressed when retribution overtakes its redresser. It is equally unredressed when the avenger fails to make himself felt as such to him who has done the wrong† (Poe, 2). Poe used indirect characterization to show the reader that Montresor is an unreliable narrator because he justified hisRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allan Poe1303 Words   |  6 PagesIn Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado,† the narrator recalls an extremely significant time in his life, and takes the reader along with him. Throughout the story, one experiences a perfectly planned murder which took place over fifty years ago, and still no one has discovered what truly happened to poor Fortunato as he was chained to a wall in a room that was then closed off, and torched to death due to all the nitre in the walls. As the story goes on, the reader can see some of Poe’s unfortunateRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allan Poe1076 Words   |  5 PagesThe short story, The Cask of Amontillado, written by Edgar Allan Poe is a story of terror and betrayal. Like many of Poe’s literary works, the story has a dark undertone with a theme of terror and depression. More than half a century ago, Marshall McLuhan argued that though Poe was fascinated by evil, the evil that he had in mind was not that of Calvinism, but that of the split man and the split civilization. In general, McLuhan was right, but in this instance Calvinism, and its God, provided a darkRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allan Poe707 Words   |  3 PagesIn the short story of The Ca sk of Amontillado, Edgar Allan Poe writes in first person point of view from the perspective of Montresor who seeks revenge against Fortunato. Montresor began to develop the perfect plan for revenge. During the carnival season, Montresor meets with Fortunato and decides to implement his plan carefully through irony. Poe s story describes the murderer s mind which has lived as a memory of Fortunato s death for fifty years. Poe uses different types of irony and symbolismRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allan Poe985 Words   |  4 PagesEdgar Allen Poe is a well known author of short stories and poetry from the 19th century. He is known especially for his stories of horror and suspense. The Cask of Amontillado is one of his more famous pieces. The story follows the narrator, Montresor, as he exacts revenge on Fortunato. Montressor draws Fortunato into the wine cellar where eventually he chains Fortunato to the wall and encloses him inside it. Throughout the story the narrator continually proves that he is not the most reliable source

Compare Theodore Roosevelts Square Deal with Woodrow...

Theodore Roosevelts Square Deal and Woodrow Wilsons New Freedom, were both programs of reform. Roosevelt covered more areas of reform than Wilson (who focused mainly on economy), and was more of a progressive than Wilson was. As a governor and the first president of the era, Roosevelt set a terrific example of what a president of this time should do. Progressing from bad, and implementing various reforms to do so defined the era. These two programs are comparable in the areas of antitrust, tariff, and labor reform. Though Wilson seemed to have many more acts in each category, mostly economic), he only acknowledged these few areas, unlike Roosevelt who acknowledged a whole array of areas such as labor, economy, politics, consumer†¦show more content†¦Thus his policy was known as New Freedom. Under the New Freedom he sought to restore power to competition among small corporations rather that regulate large monopolies. Roosevelts Square Deal and Wilsons New Freedom were policie s that they used to help improve American economy, society and politics. However Roosevelt tried to reform many areas, Wilsons focus of reform was mostly economic. (Gould, 97-100) (Auchincloss, 62,81,91,116, 127) (Whitelaw, 104,11-120,135,138,145-146, 162) A major part of both policies was the breaking up and regulating of trusts. Roosevelt never wanted to dissolve or destroy the large corporations rather he saw them as necessary parts of American life. However he felt that these companies must be bounded tightly to strict moral standards. Roosevelt followed the idea of rules of reason which was the policy of busting bad trusts, leaving good ones alone. He was the person who would decide which trusts were good and which ones were bad. He earned the name of trustbuster when he had filed a suit against the Northern Securities Company (which was followed by 43 other cases). This was Roosevelts first case, in which he filed a suit against a large corporation for the purpose of trust busting. The Northern Securities Company was a large holding company that was formed by railroad and banking interests. InShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesAutotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg

Analysis of the Human Attitude Free Essays

Surveying the Human Attitude Melissa Hightower November 19, 2012 PSY475 University of Phoenix Surveying the Human Attitude Attitude can be seen in many parts of a daily routine of an individual. The significance of measuring attitude has become important in many areas of our society. Employers want to measure attitude of employees, while customers on the other side of the counter view att Attitude Survey The measure of attitudes is of great importance in a consumer driven economy, such as the one that exists in the United States today. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of the Human Attitude or any similar topic only for you Order Now Psychologists use attitude surveys to translate subjective attitudes of people into empirical data. Attitudes themselves are distinguishable from interests and personality traits, in that attitudes are usually attached to an object (Hogan, 2007). The construct of attitude actually encompasses the cognitive, affective, and behavioral thoughts, feelings, and actions that a person exhibits in reaction to—or as a result of—an object. For the purposes of this paper I designed an attitude survey using a selected-response format that is built upon the precepts of the SERVQUAL approach to attitude assessment. The purpose of the survey is to assess the attitudes and perceptions that University of Phoenix (UOP) students exhibit at graduation about UOP itself. The intention of this paper is to discuss the design, administration, scoring, and interpretation of the survey as well as any issues I experienced while creating the survey. Design The target audience for this survey is UOP graduates that attended at least their sophomore and senior college years at UOP. The particular trait to be measured is the attitude that graduating students hold towards UOP after graduations. The survey should be administered electronically via the UOP student login page after graduation. There are 11 items in the survey and should take no more than 1-2 minutes to complete. I did this on purpose, because I know from experience that I hate taking long surveys when all I really wanted to do was log into UOP online. The survey uses the Likert scale to measure attitude, with the possible answers of strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree, strongly agree with the corresponding scores of -2, -1, 0, +1, and +2, respectively. The score report is used to compile the individual scores into a descriptive format. The item stems are the assertions themselves and the responses are gauged through the Likert scale, otherwise known as the method of summated ratings (Hogan, 2007). The basic proposition of the Likert scale is that one attitudinal construct is at the basis of all of the items. All of the statements that I proposed are about the attitude of the graduate toward UOP and therefore addresses this concern. Administration, Scoring, and Interpretation The survey should be administered by UOP personnel and not the teachers. It would not do for the results of the survey to be skewed by the last class experience. This factor cannot be done away with entirely, but it can be minimized by having the survey administered by UOP personnel rather than a teacher. Moreover, in a general sense the lower the score the less the satisfaction and the higher the score the lower the satisfaction. The directionality of the scores are all in the same direction, meaning that a rating of strongly disagree always corresponds to a more unfavorable attitude toward UOP. However, it is important that the survey items be tried out on a large variety of students at UOP and the scores tabulated in advance. These scores will act as a means to convert the raw scores that will be collected when the test is actually distributed on a large scale to normed scores, which are more useful for interpretation. For instance, if there is universal tendency to score one item extremely negative, then the raw scores of the actual test can be mediated to take into account this propensity. For the purposes of a general attitude survey negative scores reflect negative perceptions and thoughts about UOP and positive scores the opposite. Issues Experienced While Creating Survey The SERVQUAL approach to attitude surveys is specifically designed for quantifying service quality and product satisfaction in the retail industry (Gob, 2007). As the SERVQUAL approach applies to this attitude survey, the main point of any survey is to ascertain the examinees expectations, perceptions and the gap between them. Therefore, I tried to design items to measure both the expectations of the UOP student as well as their perception of the item in question. This will increase the validity of the interpretation that lower scores equal less satisfaction and vice versa, since the items not only deal with the student’s actual perception, but their expectations as well. I also tried to encompass the entire spectrum of measurements—cognitive, affective, and behavioral—when considering the items to be administered. I am not comfortable with simple self-reported tests. They seem too subjective and too circumstantial. The items should gauge observable behavior, past feelings, and current thoughts about the construct being measured. Conclusion In sum, the attitude survey that I created follows the Likert scale method to gauge the overall satisfaction of UOP students, with an emphasis on both the perception and expectation of the items. The survey also attempts to measure the cognitive, affective, and behavioral components of the construct being tested. The purpose of the survey was to ascertain the general attitude that UOP students have toward the University of Phoenix at graduation. References Gob, R. (2007). Ordinal methodology in the analysis of Likert scales. Quality Quantity, 41(5),601-626. Retrieved July 24, 2010, from SocINDEX with Full Text database. How to cite Analysis of the Human Attitude, Essay examples

Nursing Practice Pathophysiolgy and Pharmacology

Question: Describe cardiac remodelling and discuss this with relation to Kevin. Answer: Introduction: Kevin is diagnosed with Atrial Fibrillation (AF). AF is a disease of the cardiovascular system and is associated with the increase in the heart beat and irregular heart rhythm. AF is classified into first detected, paroxysmal, persistent and permanent based on the frequency of episodes of AF. In AF, pathological changes occur both in heart and blood vessels. Thromboembolism and cardiovascular accident are closely associated with AF. Different types of medications like medications for heart rate and thromboembolism required for AF patients. Lifestyle changes also required for AF patients to maintain a healthy life. In this essay,all these aspects related to AF are discussed. Discussion: AF can be classified into four categories like first detected, paroxysmal, persistent and permanent. First detected AF patients have only one diagnosed episode. These patients may or may not have earlier unnoticed AF episode. If the episodes continue for less than seven days and stop on its own, it is classified as Paroxysmal. From the literature, it is evident that these Paroxysmal episodes stop within 24 hours. If these episodes continue for more than seven days, then there are no chances of stopping these episodes on their own. These AF episodes which continue more than seven days are termed as persistent episodes. These persistent episodes can be stopped by cardioversion. Cardioversion is the procedure by which heart rate and rhythm can be controlled by using drugs or electric shock (Natale and Jalife, 2008). Main goals of treatment of AF in Kevin should be the prevention of cardiomyopathy and improvement in symptoms mainly occurred due to stroke and tachycardia. Kevin should also be provided with an anticoagulant. Kevin should be provided with treatment for normalization of heart rate (Kingma et a., 2012). Main pathologic alteration occurs in AF is progressive fibrosis of atria. This fibrosis mainly occurs due to the dilation of atria, however, is some cases it may occur due to genetic factors and inflammation (Anumonwo and Kalifa, 2014). Structural alteration of the heart is responsible for the dilation of atria, and it leads to the augmented pressure in the heart. Increased pressure may lead heart problems like valvular heart disease, hypertension and congestive heart disease in Kevin. Inflammation and followed by fibrosis may occur in Kevin due to sarcoidosis and autoantibodies against myosis heavy chains. Lamin AC gene mutation is also responsible for the fibrosis of atria. Atrial dilation is responsible for the activation of the rennin-aldosterone angiotensin system (RAAS). Activation of RAAS leads to the release of matrix metalloproteinases and disintegrin. This lead to the atrial remodeling comprising of fibrosis and loss of atrial muscle mass. Along with fibrosis of muscle mass , fibrosis might occurr in sinus node (SA node) and atrioventricular node (AV node) in Kevin. Alteration in the normal functioning of the SA node can be well correlated with the progressive episodes of AF. Alteration in heart rate and rhythm occurs due to overwhelmed response to impulse generated by the SA node (Iwasaki, et al., 2011). In Kevin, due to AF, there is the unorganized atrial contraction. Atrial contraction lead to the dormant blood in the left atrium (LA) or left atrial appendage (LAA). This accumulated blood without movement might lead to thrombus formation in Kevin. If this accumulated blood is carried by circulating blood, it is called as an embolus. This embolus proceeds through the small arteries and prevents the supply of nutrient and oxygen to the organs (Watson et al., 2009). Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) mainly occur due to the embolus in the artery to the brain. In CVA embolus plugs in the artery to the brain and prevents blood flow to the brain. This is called as an embolic stroke. As there is embolus formation in Kevin, it might lead to ischemic CVA. Ischemic CVA occurs due obstruction in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain. Hemorrhagic CVA occurs due to weak blood vessels. Weak blood vessels ruptures and hemorrhage occurs. In Transient ischemic attack (TIA) blood flow to the br ain stops for short duration. This happens for the duration of fewer than 24 hours. This TIA doesnt produce permanent brain damage. However, it gives danger signal of stroke (Kishore et al., 2014; Asirvatham, 2014). Rate control medications are used in AF patients to reduce the rate of breathing. Rhythm management medications are used in case of AF patients to normalize rhythm of the heart beat. Rate control medications act by increasing extent of the block of AV node. This block results in the decrease in number of impulses to be conducted to the ventricles. blockers are used as first- line therapy for rate control in AF patients. Examples of cardioselective beta blockers are metoprolol, atenolol, bisoprolol, and nebivolol. Epinephrine and norepinephrine stimulate 1 receptors. This lead to the positive chronotropic and inotropic effect, which increase cardiac conduction velocity. Blockade of the 1 receptors can reduce cardiac conduction velocity and heart rate (Nguyen et a., 2013). For normalization Heart Rhythm, cardioconversion can be used in patients with AF. DC electrical shock can be used for the normalization of cardiac rhythm in AF patients. Amiodarone and dronedarone are the first line drugs, which can be used for the cardiac rhythm in AF patients. These drugs act by decreasing calcium permeability and increasing potassium permeability. By this, these drugs lower conduction rate and increase the duration of the refractory period of SA and AV node (Oishi and Xing, 2013; Al-Khatib, 2014). Novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) are preferred for nonvalvular AF patients. Warfarin is a preferred treatment for AF patients. NOACs includes dabigatran and rivaroxaban. These NOACs act by competitively inhibiting thrombin. This thrombin plays a role in the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin in the coagulation cascade. By this thrombus formation can be prevented. Mechanism of action of warfarin is to inhibit synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors such as Factors II, VII, IX, and X. Vitamin K is mainly responsible for the post ribosomal synthesis of vitamin k dependent clotting factors (Shenasa and Camm, 2015). NOACs protect AF patient in a better way as compared to the vitamin k dependent clotting factors. However, the risk of bleeding is more in NOACs as compared to the vitamin k dependent clotting factors. There is the possibility of skin necrosis with the use of vitamin k dependent clotting factors. Skin necrosis risk is not there in the patients with NOACs. Dietary restriction required in patients with warfarin. Dietary restriction not required in patients with NOACs. Hence, there is no much effect on the lifestyle of patient with NOACs. There are less drug-drug interactions in patients with NOACs as compared to the warfarin treatment (Gidwani et al., 2013). The uurse should make sure that Kevin consumes medications on a regular basis. The nurse should ask him knowledge about medication and give him knowledge about medication. By this, Kevin understands importance of the medication. As a result, he may consume medication on a regular basis. The nurse should tell him about the negative impact of non-consumption of medicine. The nurse should prepare schedule for his medicines. The nurse should involve Kevin for the preparation of medication schedule. By this way, he can remember time to take medicine. Information about medications increases the faith of Kevin in medications. His involvement in discussion regarding medication and the schedule preparation gives him feeling of dignity. The nurse should check his heart beat on a regular basis during the treatment period and inform Kevin about improvement in his condition due to consumption of medicine. This information may increase the interest of Kevin in medication consumption. After his dis charge, the nurse should take follow-up of his medication consumption through phone (Brown, et al., 2015; Gulanick and Myers, 2016). The nurse should provide education to Kevin about signs and symptoms of CVA. The nurse should tell Kevin about symptoms of CVA like the weakness of arm and limb, slurred speech, vision trouble, overall fatigue, fainting, difficulty in breathing, irritation and trouble in walking. These are very common symptoms, and these can be identified by common man also. Hence, the nurse can make sure that Kevin can identify danger signals of CVA. The nurse should advise Kevin to take food each day on same time. The nurse should also advise him to take a small amount of food at regular small intervals. The nurse should advise him to avoid more amount salt and fat containing food. The nurse should advise him to take food rich in vegetable, grains, and fruits. The nurse should advise him not to consume alcohol and coffee. The nurse should advise him to avoid smoking. Excessive weight is a risk factor for AF. Hence, the nurse should advise him to keep regular check on his body weight. Alcohol and co ffee can exaggerate episodes in AF. Nurse should advise Kevin to perform slight exercise on the regular basis. Exercise is useful in improving condition of AF. Also it is useful in reducing anxiety and fear. AF patients are at risk of developing anxiety and risk. The nurse should advise Kevin to take the regular breaks in his regular activities. The nurse should advise him to prepare his time table for food, daily activities, and medications. The nurse should ask him to follow relaxation procedure along with medications to reduce episodes of AF (Brown, et al., 2015; Gulanick and Myers, 2016). Conclusion: AF is a very complex disease. This disease is more common in elder patients and is associated with wide variety of symptoms. In AF, both anatomical and electrical changes occur. This is due to alteration in the functioning of the atria and ventricles. There should be multiple goals for the management of AF. The therapeutic strategy should be decided based on the severity of the disease. Selection of food and medication is very important for AF patient because food also has a prominent impact on the AF. Along with medication management, lifestyle changes are very important for the management of AF. Prevention of CAV is most challenging in patients with AF. Hence, special emphasis should be given to cure CAV and AF in Kevin. Nursing interventions comprising of medication and lifestyle aspects would be helpful for Kevin to recover from AF. References: Al-Khatib, S. M. (2014). Rate- and rhythm-control therapies in patients with atrial fibrillation: a systematic review. Annals of Internal Medicine, 160(11), 76073. Anumonwo, J.M., and Kalifa, J. (2014). Risk Factors and Genetics of Atrial Fibrillation. Cardiology clinics, 32(4), 485494. Asirvatham, S. J. (2014). Stroke in Atrial Fibrillation. Elsevier Health Sciences. Brown, D., Edwards, H., Seaton, L., Buckley, T. (2015). Lewis's Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems. Elsevier Health Sciences. Gidwani, U.K., Sharma, S.K., and Kini, A.S. (2013). Cardiovascular Intensive Care, An Issue of Cardiology Clinics. Elsevier Health Sciences. Gulanick, M., and Myers, J. L. (2016). Nursing Care Plans: Nursing Diagnosis and Intervention. Elsevier Health Sciences. Iwasaki, Y.K., Nishida, K., Kato, T., and Nattel, S. (2011). Atrial Fibrillation Pathophysiology. Implications for Management. Circulation, 24, 2264-2274 Kingma, J.H., van Hemel, N.M., and Lie, K.J. (2012). Atrial Fibrillation, a Treatable Disease? Springer Science Business Media. Kishore, A., Vail, A., Majid, A., Dawson, J., Lees, K.R., Tyrrell, P.J., Smith, C.J. (2014). Detection of atrial fibrillation after ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke; a journal of cerebral circulation, 45(2), 52026. Oishi, M.L., and Xing, S. (2013). Atrial fibrillation: management strategies in the emergency department. Emergency medicine practice, 15(2), 126. Natale, A., and Jalife, J. (2008). Atrial Fibrillation: From Bench to Bedside. Springer Science Business Media. Nguyen, T.N., Hilmer, S.N; Cumming, R.G. (2013). Review of epidemiology and management of atrial fibrillation in developing countries. International Journal of Cardiology, 167(6), 241220. Shenasa, M., and Camm, A. J. (2015). Management of Atrial Fibrillation. Oxford University Press. Watson, T., Shantsila, E., and Lip, G.Y. (2009). Mechanisms of thrombogenesis in atrial fibrillation: Virchow's triad revisited. Lancet, 373(9658), 15566.

How to write study plan free essay sample

From 1 July 2007, students admitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences (HU) will be offered one postgraduate studies discipline only: Medical Science. All postgraduate students accepted from this date onwards will therefore follow the same General Study Plan. In order to be able to defend their doctoral dissertations, postgraduate students at HU will need to achieve a course target equivalent to not less than 33 credits (38 credits for certain research students) for a doctorate and not less than 18 credits for a licentiate degree (23 credits for certain research students). Postgraduate students at HU are trained in research, development work and other problem solving within the higher education, private and public sectors. HU offers qualitatively excellent masters and postgraduate courses designed to produce graduates and PhDs of a very high international standard. 1 1. Admission, qualification requirements and selection for acceptance onto postgraduate level courses According to the Higher Education Ordinance, the Faculty Board is responsible for admission to courses at postgraduate level. We will write a custom essay sample on How to write study plan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page At HU this task is delegated to FUN. 2 Preparation for admissions is made by the respective departments. FUN is the deciding body regarding admission; it bases it decisions on those of the respective department boards. The following is required for admission to a postgraduate course at HU: – – – – – basic and specific qualifications the applicant is assessed to be capable of completing the course successfully an individual study plan (where appropriate3 approved by an operations manager or equivalent) including a funding plan Postgraduate students admitted onto a licentiate degree course will complete their studies with this degree. On completion of a licentiate degree, the individual concerned can apply for admission to subsequent postgraduate studies leading to a PhD. However, in such cases, the same terms and conditions apply as for new admissions to postgraduate studies for a PhD. The admissions seminar will then though be in the form of a midpoint review (see Midpoint review). 7 See HF ch 7 Â § 37 3 (8) Allman studieplan Medicinsk vetenskap 2008-12-03 Beslut Dnr LiU 770/07-50 Bioethics and research ethics, 3 cr Scientific communication and information retrieval, 3 cr TOTAL 2. 1 Basic general science courses Basic general science courses: 18 credits (11 cr for licentiate degree) The mandatory basic general science courses (11 cr) are to be completed before the midpoint review can be performed or licentiate degree taken. Basic general science courses passed make up not less than 18 cr (11 cr for licentiate degree), with a maximum 5 cr from any one subject. Courses in bold type are mandatory: 8 1 credit from the previous system corresponds to 1. 5 credits in the Bologna system 4 (8) Allman studieplan Medicinsk vetenskap 2008-12-03 Beslut Dnr LiU 770/07-50 – – – – – – – – Scientific methodology, 5 cr Bioethics and research ethics, 3 cr Scientific communication and information retrieval, 3 cr Basic biostatistics, 5 cr Multivariate statistics, 5 cr Epidemiology, 5 cr Good Clinical Practice (GCP), 2 cr Good Laboratory Practice (GLP), 2 cr Mandatory courses for certain postgraduate students Postgraduate students who are to use laboratory animals are to have passed the applicable course no later than two years after starting their work. 9 – 2. 2 Laboratory animal science, 5 cr Other postgraduate study courses Other postgraduate study courses: min 9 cr for PhD (4 cr for licentiate degree) – Approved participation in and examination passed in subject-specific courses at postgraduate level in which the postgraduate student needs to acquire adequate knowledge, such as set out in the individual course plan or annual review of the postgraduate studies. These courses are to be approved by FUN or in the case of external courses, credited by FUS. – Approved participation in elements in department wide research study programmes with clear credit specifications, such as research institutes. – Other adequate courses, including approved clinical specialist courses (SK courses) that clearly have direct relevance to the research project in the individual study plan (max 5 cr in total). 2. 3 Other credit giving elements Other credit generating elements: min 6 cr for PhD (3 cr for licentiate degree) – Participation in international conferences with a presentation by the candidate, such as postings or lectures (max 2 cr per conference, max 3 cr in total). – Time spent with a research group at another university (gives 1. 5 cr per week, max 3 cr in total). – Participation in a series of seminars, journal clubs etc.at the department (1-2 cr per term depending on intensity, to amount to min 3 cr or max 4. 5 cr in total). 2. 4 Dissertation (scientific paper) To be awarded a degree, a postgraduate student is to have had a scientific paper worth not less than 120 credits or 60 credits (licentiate degree) approved. 9 Central Research Commission proclamation (SJVFS 1992:11) with directives and general advice on training requirements when using animals for scientific purposes etc (L 32). 5 (8) Allman studieplan Medicinsk vetenskap 2008-12-03 Beslut Dnr LiU 770/07-50 Doctoral dissertation Most dissertations at HU are compilation dissertations based on a number of sub works. Such sub works are to be set in an explanatory framework which together with the sub works forms the dissertation. For admissions as from 1 July 2007 and for applications for public defences prior to 1 January 2009 The number of sub works in a compilation dissertation is to be not less than 3-4 original pieces depending on the quality and scope, of which not less than 2 have been accepted for publication in referee-reviewed publications and another 1-2 submitted for publication at the latest when the grade board is appointed. In the case of sub works included in a dissertation, the postgraduate student’s work shall be clearly discernible. For admissions as from 1 July 2007 and for application for public defences as from 1 January 2009 A compilation dissertation for a PhD shall comprise at least two sub works, and normally not more than four. The exact number depends on the quality and scope of the sub works as well as, not least, the role of the doctoral student in creating the respective sub works. The postgraduate student’s contribution must be clearly discernible. Assessment as to whether the presented dissertation work with completed courses equates to four years full-time study and attains a good international standard is done through the grade board’s preview and conclusively by FUN. At least two sub works shall be accepted/published in referee-reviewed publications with international distribution, or be open access publications with referee procedures. The postgraduate student shall be the principal author of at least one of the works. The postgraduate student shall have participated in all parts of the publication process for scientific articles. If fewer than four sub works are involved in the dissertation, the summary, so-called kappa, is included in the application for the public defence. (This last condition applies for application for public defences as from 1 July 2009. ) All dissertations at HU are to adhere to the LiU/HU graphic profile. For further information on format please see www. liu. se/hu. For postgraduate students applying for doctoral studies places for a PhD as from 1 January 2009, the following applies: At least half of the sub works included in the dissertation must be published/accepted for publication after admission to postgraduate study

The Roman Social War 91-88 B.C.

The Roman Social War 91-88 B.C. Definition: The Social War was a civil war between the Romans and their Italian allies. Like the American Civil War, it was very costly. When the Romans wouldnt grant the Italians equality, most of the allies attempted to secede, although Latium and northern Campania remained loyal to Rome. The rebels made their headquarters at Corfinium, which they renamed Italia. Poppaedius Silo headed the allied Marsic troops and Papius Mutilus headed the Samnites, altogether about 100,000 men. The Romans divided their roughly 150,000 men under the 2 consuls of 90 B.C. and their legates. The Romans in the north were headed by P. Rutilius Lupus, with Marius and Cn Pompeius Strabo (Pompey the Greats father under whom Cicero served) under him. L. Julius Caesar had Sulla and T. Didius under him, in the south. Rutilius was killed, but Marius was able to defeat the Marsi. Rome fared worse in the south, although Papius Mutilus was defeated by Caesar at Acerrae. The Romans made concessions after the first year of the war. The lex Julia gave Roman citizenship to some possibly all Italians who stopped fighting or just those who had remained loyal. Next year, in 89 B.C., the Roman consuls were Strabo and L. Porcius Cato. They both went north. Sulla headed the Campanian forces. Marius had no commission despite his successes in 90. Strabo defeated 60,000 Italians near Asculum. The capital, Italia, was abandoned. Sulla made progress in Samnium and captured the Italian HQ at Bovianum Vetus. The rebel leader Poppaedius Silo regained it, but it was defeated again in 88, as were other pockets of resistance. Supplemental laws gave the franchise to the remaining Italians and people of the Italian regions of Gaul by 87. There was still a grievance, though, since new citizens were not equitably distributed among the 35 tribes of Rome. Main Source:H.H. Scullard: From the Gracchi to Nero. Also Known As: Marsic War, Italian War Examples: Military preparation for the Social War took place over the winter of 91/90. It was called the Social War because it was a war between Rome and its socii allies.

Brazil and Venezuela Economic Governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Brazil and Venezuela Economic Governance - Essay Example From this discussion it is clear that  it was the period from the second quarter of 2005 to end months of 2006 that preceding repeated presidential elections, the idea of â€Å"swing to the Left† or â€Å"new Left† was introduced in the Latin American political history. This gave rise to a new notion in the Left government of the region polarizing two social coalitions, one being a â€Å"social democratic Left† such as that of Brazil and the other being a â€Å"populist Left† illustrated by the democratic system of Venezuela.This study highlights that  under the leadership of Luiz Inà ¡cio Lula da Silva, the Brazilian economic governance became more inclined towards chasing the traditional macro-economic policies being practiced in the nation generating robust financial surplus owing to its agreement with the International Monetary Fund (IMF). In relation to its democratic governance, the nation began encouraging it’s regional as well as local capacity aiming dynamism in its socio-economic structure, even though the employment rate and other social growth factors were recorded to be worthy of deep concern. Where the aforementioned attempts made by Brazil demonstrates the main features of the governance in a   Ã¢â‚¬Å"social democratic Left† country under the influence of Latin America’s â€Å"Left Turn†, the policy measures adopted by Venezuela with the leadership of Hugo Chà ¡vez demonstrate a quite distinct picture of the â€Å"populist Left† region.   

Investigating and Applying an Ethical Framework to a Nursing Scenario Essay

Investigating and Applying an Ethical Framework to a Nursing Scenario - Essay Example The Kerridge, Lowe and McPhee model (2005) suggests seven steps for decision-making. The first step is stating the problem while the second step is about getting the facts about the problem (Freegard, 2006). The case study reviews the problem and the later part of the essay provides an evaluation of the ethical issue in accordance with the model. The case scenario relates the account of a seventeen year old girl Judy who had been admitted to the Emergency Department (ED) with acute medical pain. Judy’s provisional diagnosis was Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) until the doctors got the report for her medical tests taken in the ED. The main issues of the case study are given in the table below. â€Å"she can’t be in that much pain, she rolls over to sleep when she thinks we are not watching her, yet soon as she sees us she asks for Morphine†¦ if she is going to get herself an infection then she should live with the consequences† The negligence, lack of documentation of charts and prompt response to patient, discrimination and absence of proper care and compassion, lack of compliance to instructions of DMO by the nurses are some of the legal issues. They also let personal biases prejudice their care, as pelvic inflammatory disease is often caused by sexual intercourse, an assumption that has led the nurse to treat Judy disdainfully. They were also not cooperative with their colleague, Sue, and derided her. There was no follow up on ectopic pregnancy, which, as it turned out later, was the underlying cause of the severe abdominal pain. The third step in Kerridge, Lowe and McPhee model of decision-making entails analysis of the fundamental ethical principles. A framework to analyze the fundamental ethical principles commonly used in bioethics, called principlism, includes four guiding principles: autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice (Butts & Rich, 2005). Anwari (2008) states that beneficence and non-maleficence are old concepts

Giotto Di Bondones Style and Technique

Giotto Di Bondones Style and Technique Briefly outline the characteristics of Giotto’s style and analyse the impact of his works on fourteenth-century Italian Art Giotto was a Florentine painter and architect who was recognized as an artistic genius and protagonist during the Italian Renaissance. For artist Giorgio Vasari the great biographer of Italian Renaissance artists the new art had its birth with Giotto[1]. Giotto lived and worked at a time when society was exploring and testing the boundaries of medieval traditions and institutions. This is reflected in his religious subjects where the earthly, full-blooded energy for which he was so famous was to spark the beginnings of artistic naturalism and humanism. For Vasari, Giotto’s work represents a period when painting woke from its long subjection to the Greeks. As Hale says: the stiffness of the Byzantine style gave way to something like grace, figures began to cast shadows and to be foreshortened, their drapery revealed movement and their faces reflected feeling, fear, hope, anger or love. [2] These characteristics are reflected in one of Giotto’s earliest works, Madonna and Child, where the child, although now lost, is affectionately clasping the Madonna’s hand, with its other hand outstretched to her face. The Madonna’s eyes meet those of the viewer with an elongated stare. Both of these qualities reflect Giotto’s desire to express human sentiment and his interest in the communication of feeling. Giotto also experiments with form so that the straight alignment of the Madonna’s features are juxtaposed against the shape of her gown which flows down and away from her face. Giotto is famous for his frescoes at Assisi where he perpetuated a new use of space and colour. For example, The Doctors of the Church sets portraits within areas framed by extravagantly decorative geometric, figurative, and floral motifs.[3] In The Scenes from the Life of St. Francis the strong portrayal of animals, plants, flowers, pottery and rocks are integrated into the human scenarios so that the two become integral to one another. In St. Francis Giving his Mantle to a Poor Knight the red of the knight’s robe is seen on the back of the mule and in the buildings and landscapes of the background. This is suggestive of Giotto’s desire to unify different elements of his paintings a theme which was to continue into the trends of the fourteenth century. Indeed in his frescoes at Padua (1302-5) where he painted the lives of Christ and the Virgin in the private chapel of Enrico Scrovegni, Padua’s richest citizen, his fusion between figures and space and his concep tion of them as a ‘single coherent unit’[4] is taken to a new extreme. A section of The Last Judgement shows Enrico Scrovegni offering a model of the chapel to Mary, who stands beside a saint and an angel. The gift symbolises Enrico seeking penitence for his father’s sin of usury.[5] This arrangement reflects man’s communication with God, and in turn the unification of the material and the spiritual. In The Last Judgement, where Christ sits surrounded by an aura, Giotto places figures at the centre of their world representing mankind’s place at the centre of history and his unique individuality, which was to become a fundamental of the humanist vision during the fourteenth century. Fourteenth century Italian art was intrinsically linked to the political developments occurring during the time. Giotto was certainly one of the first to assert a style based on observations of nature rather than the upholding of medieval traditions, and during a time when city states were becoming more independent, and democracies were governed by guilds associations of merchants, bankers, artisans, and other professionals[6] this form of artistic freedom was welcomed by those who had democratic or political influence. Giotto’s decorating of the family chapels of the wealthiest citizens of Florence and Padua suggests that art was seen as an ultimate aesthetic representation of virtue and power. In S. Croce Giotto painted the life of St. Francis in the Bardi chapel and those of the two St. Johns in the Peruzzi chapel. The Bardi and Peruzzi were the two greatest banker families of Florence and court bankers of the kings of England and Naples, to the latter of whom Giotto was court painter between 1328-32.[7] These were important developments for fourteenth century art as at Peruzzi Giotto incorporates portrait heads, presumably of the Peruzzi family. As Antal phrases it: ‘it was the wealthiest citizens of Florence who were the first to be represented, outside a fresco or religious painting, in almost wholly independent portraits, though still for the time being inside the same frame.’[8] Later artwork was to completely separate portraits from religious paintings so that the individual could be represented as independent of, but still connected to, the spiritual realm. Fourteenth-century frescoes reveal that individualism was greatly esteemed in the Italian city-republics, and a developing trend for freedom of expression can be seen in Giotto’s pupils and successors such as Taddeo Gaddi. The lives of Christ, the Virgin and the Saints were the subjects of many important paintings and sculptures commissioned at the time. However, although these subjects continue those used by Giotto, his style began to be adapted by his pupils. His idea of a painting as a single unified whole was taken further by incorporating a greater diversity of individual elements within that whole. As Antal explains it: The painters abandoned Giottos centripetal emphasis in order to obtain a fuller narrative; the number of figures is greater, they are individualised and more vehement in their movements, more passionate or more charming; sometimes landscape predominates, and the architecture is richer and more Gothic.[9] However, Giotto’s work was still to prove pivotal to the changes occurring during the fourteenth century. By mid-century, Italy saw a surge of artistic output which integrated new ideals into earlier modes of representation. Over time, figures became more naturalistic, and the linear and angular quality of clothing on figures became softened. As mentioned above, Giotto’s volumetric figures of Madonna and of Christ express these qualities nearly a century earlier. These works were to influence major fourteenth century artists such as Michelangelo and Raphael. As seen in Madonna and Child Giotto experimented with the form of the figure and created a shadow effect, adding three dimensionality to the painting. This solution to creating the illusion of solidity to his figures was developed by the later artists who are famous for their exquisite eye for detail. With Giotto, the two dimensional world of thirteenth-century Italian painting was transformed into an analogue for the real world.[10] It was the simplicity of his style and his mastery of illusion which captivated the audiences of his time. As Bernard Berenson puts it: With the simplest means, with almost rudimentary light and shade, and functional line, he contrives to render, out of all the possible outlines, out of all the possible variations of light and shade that a given figure may have, only those that we must isolate for special attention when we are actually realizing it.[11] Giotto was to lay the foundations of a radical artistic movement in fourteenth century Italy. Later artists developed the simplicity of his use of line, form and three-dimensionality. His bold use of colour and composition was to precipitate a wealth of changes in the styles and tastes of fourteenth century Italian art, and his contributions to the history of aesthetics are perhaps some of the most comprehensive in history. Bibliography Antal, F., 1947, Florentine Painting and Its Social Background; the Bourgeois Republic before Cosimo De Medicis Advent to Power: XIV and Early XV Centuries. London: K. Paul Bennett, A., 1999, Giotto. London: Dorling Kindersley Berenson, B., 1953, The Italian Painters of the Renaissance. Phaidon: New York Hale, J.R., 1954, England and the Italian Renaissance: The Growth of Interest in Its History and Art. London: Faber and Faber Osmond, S.F., 1998, The Renaissance Mind Mirrored in Art. World and I, Vol. 13 http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/iptg/hd_iptg.htm. Further Reading Henderson, J., and Verdon, T., (eds), 1990, Christianity and the Renaissance: Image and Religious Imagination in the Quattrocento. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press Martindale, A., 1969, The Complete Paintings of Giotto. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson. Murray, L., and Murray, P., 1963, The Art of the Renaissance. New York: Praeger Footnotes [1] Osmond, S.F., 1998, The Renaissance Mind Mirrored in Art. World and I, Vol. 13. p.1. [2] Hale, J.R., 1954, England and the Italian Renaissance: The Growth of Interest in Its History and Art. London: Faber and Faber, p.60. [3] Bennett, A., 1999, Giotto. London: Dorling Kindersley, p.25. [4] Ibid, p.66. [5] Ibid, p.71. [6] Osmond, S.F., 1998, The Renaissance Mind Mirrored in Art. World and I, Vol. 13. [7] Antal, F., 1947, Florentine Painting and Its Social Background; the Bourgeois Republic before Cosimo De Medicis Advent to Power: XIV and Early XV Centuries. London: K. Paul, p.159. [8] Ibid, p.159. [9] Ibid, p.174. [10] http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/iptg/hd_iptg.htm. [11] Berenson, B., 1953, The Italian Painters of the Renaissance. Phaidon: New York, p.44.

Positive Impact In Women On Economic Labor Growth

Economic growth of any country depends on the labor input of men, women and children (where the laws of such countries permit children to work) concerted efforts by all are needed to ensure economic growth, having said that, it is prudent to note without prejudice to women, that men play a big role in economic growth of states that women in most countries in the world. This is evidenced by among others the statistics of the International Labor Organization (I. L. O. ) which ranks men highly. Secondly, it can be seen from the informal sector, small businesses and number of factory workers that men are above women in terms of input towards economic growth. Much that the foregoing is true, it does not mean that our women don’t play a role in economic growth. They on the contrary play a very big role in economic growth of any country/state. They do take time off to raise children, go to work and make life easy for their husbands to go on their work with ease. (They provide a good environment for men to make the economy grow). Finally this paper is all about the role women play in economic growth. It also recognizes the challenges women have to put with while so contributing to economic growth. It also recognizes the challenges women have to put with while so contributing to economic growth. These include, family obligations, negative perceptions against them and Discrimination The survey is to analyze whether women labor ha impact on economic growth. Much has been said about women role in the society and in the economic growth both in short term and long term. This can be said that women have both negative and positive impacts in the economic growth. The results show a negative association between intermittent attachment tot he labor market for fairly related reasons and women occupations prestige in casual terms the results provide evidence that women expecting to lift the labor force tend to choose lower prestige occupation in anticipation of future career interruption. In general, analysis the micro economic implication of cynical and circular movement in the women of the labor force and changes in the intensity of female household labor. This assumes that arise in the women of the labor force stimulates the investments while arise in the intensity of female household labor raised savings. The interaction of these two effects in the context of Keynesian growth cycle model and assess the likelihood of structurally adjusting economy experiencing a recovery through women labor. This analysis shows that for a gender based recovery to succeed the impact of women labor force on investments must be stronger than the impact of raising intensity of female household labor as on saving. In general, high and high middle income countries benefit from women labor for their economic growth. Introduction That women do not contribute to the growth of the economy is a misconception that should not be allowed to stand. The input of women towards economic growth cannot be compared to that of men; women must be given their due as regards matters economic growth. This is because their contribution is hindered by many factors, including maternity leaves where they have to take time off from active employment to give birth, and raise the children, during this time; there are a lot of man hours that literally go to waste. This has to be factored in when evaluating their contribution to economic growth. Family obligations are also a hindrance to their maximum participation and contribution to the economy. Another factor is the discrimination that women face in terms of promotions at the work place, loan advancement from banks and so on. On the flip side of the coin, women play a positive impact in economic growth in terms of being home makers thus giving their men ample time to go about promoting economic growth. This paper seeks out to show the positive impact of women labor in the growth of the economy, and further to elaborate the challenges they face when going about contributing to economic growth. Much has been said about the role women play tot he economy. Whether their role has nay impact on the economy of any country and this has led to the discrimination in the labor market based on gender and distribution of workers among jobs that generates discrimination on labor market outcomes. According to Naomi Wolf 1991, (Every worker brings some physical attractiveness tot he labor market along with other attributes and most are concerned perhaps in inordinately so with this aspect of labor market characteristics. This has led tot he US coming up with anti-discrimination legislation to prevent denying employment on the basis of gender, height, weight and personal appearances. In fact, in recent past many nations and states have been attempting to improve the status of women in their society. An important element in national policies is the improvement of women’s access wider range of jobs, including those at a managerial level so that their impact can be seen in the economic growth. Countries like, Britain have introduced legislation to prevent unfair discrimination against women in their workplace. Although such legislation cannot itself bring changes sought by the government but it can serve to influence male attitudes towards the role of women into e economic growth. Attitudes towards role of women as home maker vary from one country to the other. Some countries emphasize the women’s role as wife/mother and homemaker. Their attitude are biased against women taking on anything other than relatively low-level part time work even education for women tend to be moved towards this assumption about women roles. By comparison, the expectation of men as bread winners are high and thus social action is geared to the education, training and support of men in employment and in economic growth. In such a situation the chances of women labor in economic growth are minimized since they are given jobs such as infant teaching, nursing and social works which has very low impact on economic growth. Much effort has been made recently to remove the obstacles on the roles of women in career development and equal pay. This is aimed at encouraging greater fairness towards women at work. Other efforts to improve the lot of women employee include such developments as women into science and engineering. Arguments It is true that women have positive impact on economic labor growth like Taiwan has used women to develop their economy. Increased employment is a requirement for the survival of capitalism. It is not to be confused with division in gender equality. Economic and powerful domestic interest groups, political stability and access to market provided the conditions for Taiwan to develop a viable economic policy based on experts who led to his growth of their economy. Pursuit of labor intensive export oriented development required a particular labor force one that was relatively large in number, flexible in flow and in expensive. It was only women who were to fit in this job as per the requirements since female labor were cheap, were in large number and were flexible for any job. The ready supply of female labor has reduced labor cost and increased competitiveness in the world market in addition the use of female labor has helped to ease the impact of inflation in core countries like USA, Britain for their economy to grow. The elasticity of female labor relative to male labor is indicated by the greater fluctuations in the women participation rates over time. Most developed countries have used women for their economic growth, since women operates small businesses which are known as small micro-economic enterprises as entrepreneurs. This usually makes a country to grow for example Pakistan has grown due to small micro-economic enterprises which are mostly operated by women. They assist the economy of the country by payment of taxes to the government and job creation. More so, women play a very vital role in economic growth by giving their spouses good support that is by taking care of the young ones and doing household works, which could have been done by their husband hence making their husbands more productive. Counter Arguments In fact women have negative impaction on the economic growth. This can be seen from various perspectives women employment really affects the economy of the country due to their life cycle. Women tend to withdraw from their workplace between the age 25 – 34 years that is after their marriage and the birth of the first child hence, bringing very strong negative impact tot the economy since they will be taking most of the time attending household work and taking after their children. According tot he survey women return tot work after 35 years as their family responsibilities lighten. Also the survey say the majority leave the labor market after 55 years of age perhaps to care for their elderly members of their family, while the male stay in the job market that is, contributing tot he economic growth until they reach the age for retirement and then after they look for part time jobs to work until they are unable to work, that is they contribute tot he economy to their later years. The differential impact of marital status is more obvious when one compares female and male rates while gender makes a difference in labor force participation. The difference is the smallest for a single increased employment is a requirement for the survival of capitalism; it is not to be confused with a victory in gender equality. Most women due to women little level of education affect economic growth of the economy due to most of them work they will be doing will be unskilled, and lower paying hence no impact to the economy of any state. In addition growth is indirectly affected through the impact of gender in equality on investments and the population growth since women population is high in most sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia. This has affected the economy of those countries. According to the review of economic study, July 1989 the relationship between women share of labor force of the process of congestion economic development, and macroeconomic changes associated with structural adjustment it found out that the relationship between long term development and women’s share of the labor force is U-shaped. Women contributes very little to the economy since most of their work are part time or temporary work they take these jobs in order to juggle work with their domestic responsibility that is for children when the are young and for elderly relatives when they are older. Most women who work part time or temporary employment, make counterparts make assumptions that they are not interested in promotion where they will work as senior and contribute more to the economy. Most works are traditionally structured based to suit men who can work full time, hence closing out women who usually need part-time jobs. The implication that if women are to make greater progress in obtaining managerial posts so that they can contribute to the economy as their male counterparts work must then be structures to allow for greater flexibility of working including part time work for mangers so hat women can work and contribute to the economy and it should have a great agreed career breaks, improved arrangements for introduction of women into managers, work Structuring is not only problem for the women to contribute tot he economy. Men prejudice is another. According Flanders whilst pas t experience helps us to decide how to act in the present, it is nevertheless important to see if that experience is still valid. Male in particular needs to examine their current attitude towards employment of women into managerial posts since these attitudes may not always be based on sound evidence of a women performance. There is little evidence to justify why women cannot be given good jobs so that they can contribute to the economic growth. Minor excuses cannot be used unfairly to discriminate women in good jobs. In general women needs and wants and capability arise from assumption that men make about women in the workplace. Some studies have shown that he difference in leadership style and attitude towards work is the general principle behind me towards women taking a wide range of study into account, most of the research indicates that there are few important differences between the performance of a woman and men at work, especially in the situation where they are able to compete in equal terms so woman can bring a very positive impact in economic growth ,if given chances especially if they can be given jobs which men equally do and to be recognized as employee and not as woman . Although in physical strength men are superior to woman being generally taller, large and more muscular . this doesn’t mean they can bring more impact to the economy . Nowadays when purely physical strength is called fro are very rare in the working environment and thus the physical difference between the performance of men and woman are scarcely referent . When it comes to mental, there’s no difference between the two. According to colwills (1995) in her own studies , she comments in relation to verbal skills that :among adults men have an edge in the solving of analogies , but women outperform men in most other verbal tests, including vocabulary and verbal fluency . She notes that visual spatial ability which is important for engineers, architects and air crew ,is higher among men than woman . o too is advanced mathematical ability although at lower levels of performance there is little difference between sexes col wills research suggest that even though woman are verbally superior to men ,the styles of communication they adopt are taken as assign of weakness ,especially by men who she found typically listen less than woman interrupting more and use more aggressive language. Colwill comments that the verbal style associated with woman speech are not only devalued, there is evidence that they are devalued more for woman than for men . The research shows that woman who use disclaimers are seen as less intelligent and less knowledgeable than woman who do not use these feminine style and less intelligent and less knowledgeable than men who do use them† This evidence helps to medicate the deeply in grained made dominance of work environment . it is not a question . it is not a question of men prejudice against woman in management rules but their sheet lack of experience of woman in responsible roles in the workplace . This is a reflection of organizational culture where leadership culture of work has been established by men for men. According to marshall on the topic of woman and organization culture (1993)she says that ,† I see male and female values as qualities to which both sexes have access woman and men are both the same and different Marshall argues that western society has given predominance to make values which have shaped its organization its cultural worms. They are perceived as different to men, women are considered to be inferior. On the issue of woman and leadership, early and Johnson (1990) conducted literature reviews involving 370 comparison of styles between men and woman managers . The conclusions they drew from all the studies they investigated can be summarized as follows: woman generally adopted a more democratic or participate style compared with men who tend to prefer an autocratic or directive style ,in confined settings men tended to be more task oriented than woman ,but in ordinary work situations there were no noticeable differences in task oriented style between the sexes. The difficulties face by women in attempting to break into what has been and still is mainly a mans world has been refereed to as the (glass ceiling) analogy which attempts to describe the subtly transparent barrier that prevents women from gaining access tot he more senior roles in the organizations which eventually leads tot he economic growth. Given the nature of the male dominate over the workplace, what organization can do to achieve greater fairness for women and better balance of sexes in managerial roles in only by involving more women in decision making in setting the company policies. There are several possible actions that can be taken at an organizational level to improve a fairer framework for working conditions. These are more likely to succeed if they are open to both men and women, thus avoiding possible charges either of favoring men for patronizing women. These steps include; going beyond merely supporting the often minimal requirements of legislation; increasing part time opportunities for permanent staff. Making job sharing available, where this may be practicable, given the demands of the job and the skills it require. CONCLUSION In my view it is important to mix both parties that is men and women in economic labor market by so doing no party will be seen as superior or inferior but the total growth of the economic labor growth will be achieved. From above discussion we have seen the role played by women and men, and if they will combine their skills the economy of a country will grow. In simple terms no one party can claim that they contribute more than other party?

How to Write a Research Paper Essay

â€Å"This should be sent to a journal† â€Å"Very good work, but I’m not sure why Alan Bundy hasn’t written this? † Anonymous review: â€Å"Clearly the author fails to understands Walsh’s previous work on this topic† †¢ 1st Lesson †¢ Don’t lose heart †¢ Even if you do everything right, reviewing is imperfect Good papers will be rejected But try to learn from your knock-backs! †¢ †¢ Why you? †¢ Academic career †¢ Publish or perish †¢ Have an impact †¢ †¢ Communicate your results Many have not had the impact they deserve for being bad writers †¢ Writing is fun! Outline †¢ How to get your paper rejected. There are many traps even experienced researchers make Myself very much included †¢ †¢ Hints about how to write a paper †¢ Writing is a craft not a science! How to be rejected †¢ Submit over-length †¢ Blind man: send in 7 pages even though the instructions clearly say 5 Once they see quality of work, they’ll be pleased you sent in more material †¢ How to be rejected Submit over-length †¢ †¢ Diplomatic immunity: put extra 2 pages in appendix Appendices clearly don’t count Similarly, bibliography doesn’t count †¢ †¢ How to be rejected †¢ Submit over-length †¢ LaTeX hacker: †¢ †¢ †¢ change from 11 to 9 point font squeeze inter-line space †¦ †¢ No one will ever notice How to be rejected †¢ Submit late †¢ †¢ †¢ Deadlines are meant for everyone else Review schedules have plenty of slack Your paper is worth the wait! How to be rejected †¢ You don’t have room for space wasters like: †¢ Motivation, Background, Related work †¢ Why do review forms always have these on them anyway? How to be rejected †¢ Annoy reader/reviewer †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Proof is trivial, when it isn’t Prove the trivial Fail to cite their work Only cite yourself How to be rejected †¢ Annoy reader/reviewer †¢ Don’t bother to spell check †¢ What do computers know about spelling anyway? Use all the old cliches †¢ â€Å"There has been a lot of interest recently in global constraints. † How to be rejected †¢ Annoy reader/reviewer †¢ Be pompous, boring, †¦ †¢ This is science not literature guys, who said it should be fun? †¢ Be overly formal †¢ Theorems and formulas add weight How to be rejected †¢ Annoy reader/reviewer †¢ Make them really work †¢ After all, these are dif? cult concepts and it took you some time †¦ †¢ Ignore reviews †¢ Just keep sending paper in, eventually it will be accepted How to write a paper †¢ Hints about how to write †¢ †¢ †¢ Preparation Writing itself Ethics Preparation. Read, read, read! †¢ To learn how to write, read a lot †¢ I spend over 20% of my time reading †¢ 1 day/week in library Read, Read, Read †¢ Related literature †¢ †¢ †¢ So you can cite it So you don’t re-invent wheels So you know what others think are important research questions Read, Read, Read †¢ Other conference/journal papers where you intend to publish †¢ †¢ So you learn the â€Å"house† style So you can place your work within the bigger picture So you learn how to ask good questions †¢ Read, Read, Read †¢ Any sort of literature †¢ Magazines, novels, biographies, †¦ †¢ Writing is a skill, learn from others †¢ I read approx one novel/week as a way of trying to learn how to write And I have the luxury of writing in my own language! †¢ Review, Review, Review †¢ Review as much as you can †¢ †¢ †¢ So you see good/bad writing So you see the newest results (but see ethics) So you ask yourself good questions †¢ What is the contribution here? What are the weaknesses? †¦ Write, Write, Write †¢ The best preparation to writing is to write †¢ †¢ Writing gets easier the more you do it Writing is easier if you’ve drafted much of what you already need Writing is the best way to organize your thoughts Writing is a good way to record what you have done. †¢ †¢ Writing †¢ Work out the timetable †¢ †¢ †¢ Rushed papers frequently rejected Late papers are almost always rejected If you always write to deadlines, writing will seem more painful than it is Writing †¢ Work out the message †¢ You should be able to convey this in one sentence †¢ â€Å"We propose a new global constraint, provide a ? ltering algorithm and show it useful on some standard benchmarks† Writing †¢ Work out the message †¢ You should be able to convey this in one sentence †¢ â€Å"We identify an important class of symmetry, and show how to break it† †¢ Write to the message! Writing †¢ Distribute the work †¢ †¢ Play to your strengths If you have a native speaker, have them write intro/conclusion †¦ †¢ Write to length †¢ Brutally cut papers are frequently rejected Writing †¢ †¢ Structure paper before you write it I write template for paper with sections and subsection headings ? rst †¢ Intro, Background, Theoretical results, Empirical results, Related work, Conclusions Writing †¢ †¢ Start where you are most happy Often write from the middle outwards †¢ Theoretical results, Experiments, †¦ , Conclusions, Introduction, Abstract Writing †¢ †¢ Rule of Three Say everything 3 times! †¢ †¢ †¢ Introduce idea (introduction) Develop idea (body of paper) Summarize result (conclusions) †¢ But don’t copy verbatim the same text! Title †¢ Make it meaningful and brief †¢ †¢ Don’t make a joke Remember someone reading reference needs to be able to work out likely contents Good: the TSP phase transition Bad: Easy Problems are sometimes Hard †¢ †¢ Abstract †¢ Executive summary †¢ Try for one sentence or so on: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Motivation Method Key result Conclusions Introduction †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ What is the problem? Why is it interesting? What are your contributions? What is the outline of what you will show? Introduction. †¢ Lure the reader in a with a good ? rst sentence †¢ Bad: There has been a lot of work recently on phase transition behaviour†¦ Good: Global constraints are central to the success of constraint programming†¦ †¢ Background †¢ Often need to set scene †¢ †¢ †¢ De? ne formalism Get reader up to speed Identify research problem Body of Paper †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Derive theoretical results Propose new algorithm Describe system engineered †¦ Results †¢ Bullet proof paper †¢ Theoretical results †¢ Experiments only provide a limited view †¢ Experimental results †¢ Theory doesn’t show if results are useful in practice. Related work †¢ Has many purposes †¢ †¢ †¢ You give proper credit to prior work You are not re-inventing wheel You can compare what you do with what has been done before Conclusions †¢ †¢ Remind reader of what you have done Place work in wider context †¢ â€Å"What general lessons might be learnt from this study? † †¢ Flag all the exciting open research directions Acknowledgements †¢ Thank all who have helped you †¢ Provided code, data sets, †¦ †¢ Thank ? nancial sponsors Writing †¢ Keep it simple! †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Active, not passive Present, not past or future Long words Short sentences Writing †¢ Avoid temptation to include every result you have †¢ †¢ †¢ Paper needs to be coherent Paper needs to be understandable Many papers are rejected for having too many results! Ethics of Writing †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Authorship Citation Submission Publication Authorship †¢ Who should be an author? †¢ Anyone who has made a signi? cant contribution May not have written any text! Always err on the side of caution †¢ †¢ Authorship †¢ Who should be an author? †¢ †¢ †¢ Ask! You’ll be surprised how often people refuse You can be sure they’ll not work with you again if they feel they should be Authorship †¢ Should my advisor be an author? In ? rst few years of thesis, probably yes .. Once you graduate, you should (be able to) write papers on your own Again, ask! †¢ Citation †¢ Cite all relevant work †¢ †¢ †¢ Reviews always ask about Related Work You’ll want them to cite you It’s central to the scienti? c method †¢ We stand on the shoulders of others Citation †¢ Do I cite myself for a blind review? †¢ †¢ †¢ Yes! You must credit all previous work Either cite [Author, 2004] Or write â€Å"As Walsh has shown previously [Walsh 2004] †¦ † Submission †¢ Can I submit to multiple conferences? †¢ What’s the deal with the disclaimer (†This paper is not under review ..†)? †¢ Can I submit to a journal immediately? †¢ †¢ No hard and fast rules My rule, once reviews are back and paper is effectively in press †¦ Publication †¢ Can I publish my conference paper as it is in a journal? †¢ Probably not, even though conference is not archival Most journals ask you to extend conference paper substantially †¢ †¢ Proofs, more experiments, †¦ Final words †¢ It takes time to learn how to write †¢ Don’t be put off if at ? rst your have papers rejected All of us have papers rejected †¢ †¢ Spend time learning how to write †¢ It will be worth the investment.